How did racism evolve in different parts of the Portuguese-speaking world? How should the impact on ethnic perceptions of colonial societies based on slavery or the slave trade be evaluated? What was the reality of inter-ethnic mixture in different continents? How has the prejudice of white supremacy been confronted in Brazil and Portugal? And how should we assess the impact of recent trends of emigration and immigration? These are some of the major questions that have structuredthis book. It both contextualises and challenges the visions of Gilberto Freyre and Charles Boxer, which crystallised from the 1930s to the 1960s, but which still frame the public history of this topic. It studies crucial issues, including recent affirmative action in Brazil or Afro-Brazilianliterature, blackness in Brazil compared with Colombia under the dynamics of identity, recent racist trends in Portugal in comparative perspective, the status of native people in colonial Portuguese Africa, discrimination against forced Jewish converts to Christianity and their descendants in different historical contexts, the status of mixed-race people in Brazil and Angola compared over the longue durée, the interference of Europeans in East Timor's native marriage system, thehistorical policy of language in Brazil, or visual stereotypes and the proto-ethnographic gaze in early perceptions of East African peoples. The book covers the gamut of inter-ethnic experiences throughout the Portuguese-speaking world, from the sixteenth century to the present day, integrating contributions fromhistory, sociology, social psychology, anthropology, literary, and cultural studies. It offers a radical updating of both empirical data and methodologies, and aims to contribute to current debates on racism and ethnic relations in global perspective.

Francisco Bethencourt is Charles Boxer Professor at King's College London.

Adrian Pearce is a professor at King's College London.

Introduction, Francisco Bethencourt
Parti I. Present Issues
1. . Colour and Race in Brazil: From Whitening to the Search for Afro-Descent, Antonio Sergio Guimaraes
2. Brazil and Colombia: Comparative Race Relations in South America, Peter Wade
3. Racism: An Evolving Virus, Jorge Vala and Cicero Pereira
4. Mulattos in Brazil and Angola: A Comparative Approach, Seventeenth to Twenty-First Centuries, Luiz Felipe de Alencastro
Part II. The Modern Framework
5. Charles Boxer and the Race Equivoque, Joao de Pina-Cabral
6. Gilberto Freyre and Brazilian Self-Perception, Maria Lucia Pallares-Burke
7. Writing from the Margins: Towards an Epistemology of Contemporary African Brazilian Fiction, David Brookshaw
8. Indigenato Before Race? Some Proposals on Portuguese Forced Labour Law in Mozambique and the African Empire (1926-62), Michel Cahen
9. The 'Civilisation Guild': Race and Labour in the Third Portuguese Empire, ca. 1870-1930, Miguel Jeronimo
Part III. The Long View
10. Marriage Traps: Colonial Interactions with Indigenous Marriage Ties in East Timor, Ricardo Roque
11. The Free Afro-Brazilians in a Slave Society, Herbert Klein
12. . The 'General Language' and the Social Status of the Indian in Brazil, Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries, Andrea Daher
13. The New Christian Divide in the Portuguese-Speaking World (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries), Jose Pedro Paiva
14. From Marco Polo to Manuel I of Portugal: The Image of the East African Coast in the Early Sixteenth Century, Jean Michel Massing