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1. Introducing Psychology's History. *Psychology and its history. *Why study history? *Why study psychology’s history? *Key Issues in psychology’s history. *Old versus new history. *Presentism versus historicism. *Internal versus external history. *Personalistic versus naturalistic history. *Close-Up: Edwin G. Boring (1886-1968). *This book’s point of view. *Historiography: Doing and writing history. *Sources of historical data. *Problems with the writing of history. *Data selection problems. *Interpretation problems. *Approaching historical truth. |
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Chapter 2. The Philosophical Context. *A long past. *Descartes and the beginnings of modern philosophy and science. *Descartes and the rationalist argument. *The Cartesian system: Rationalism, nativism, and mechanistic interactionism. *Original Source Excerpt: Descartes on mind-body interactionism. *The British empiricist argument and the associationists. *John Locke (1632-1704): The origins of British empiricism *Locke on human understanding. *Locke on education. *George Berkeley (1685-1753): Empiricism applied to vision *British associationism. *David Hume (1711-1776): The rules of association. *David Hartley (1705-1757): A physiological associationism. *Close-Up: Raising a philosopher. *John Stuart Mill (1806-1873): On the verge of psychological science. *Mill’s psychology. *Mill’s logic. *Rationalist responses to empiricism. *Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716). *Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). *In perspective. |
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Chapter 3. The Neurophysiological Context. *Heroic science in the age of Enlightenment. *Sensory physiology. *Reflex action. *The Bell-Magendie law. *The specific energies of nerves. *Helmholtz: The physiologist’s physiologist. *Measuring the speed of neural impulses. *Helmholtz on vision and audition. *Helmholtz and the problem of perception. *Localization of brain function. *The phrenology of Gall and Spurzheim *Close-Up: The marketing of phrenology. *Flourens and the method of ablation. *The clinical method. *The remarkable Phineas Gage. *Original Source Excerpt: Broca discovers the speech center. *Mapping the brain: Electrical stimulation. *Early twentieth century studies of the nervous system and behavior. *Neuron theory. *Sir Charles Sherrington: The synapse. *Karl Lashley: Learning and the cortex. |
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Chapter 4. Wundt and German Psychology. *An education in Germany. *On the threshold of experimental psychology: Psychophysics. *Ernst Weber ( 1795-1878). *Two-point thresholds. *Weber’s law. *Gustav Fechner (1801-1889). *Fechner’s Elements of Psychophysics. *Wundt establishes a new psychology at Leipzig. *Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920): Creating a new science. *Wundt’s conception of the new psychology. *Studying immediate conscious experience. *Studying higher mental processes. *Inside Wundt’s laboratory. *Sensation and perception. *Mental chronometry. * An American in Leipzig. *Rewriting history: The new and improved Wilhelm Wundt. *The rediscovery of Wundt. *The real Wundt. *The Wundtian legacy. *The new psychology spreads. *Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909: The experimental study of memory. * Original Source Excerpt: Ebbinghaus on memory and forgetting. * *other contributions by Ebbinghaus. *G. E. Müller (1850-1934): The experimentalist prototype. *Oswald Külpe (1862-1915): The Würzburg school. |
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Chapter 5. Darwin’s Century: Evolutionary Thinking. *The species problem. *Charles Darwin (1809-1882) and the theory of evolution. *The shaping of a naturalist. *The voyage of the Beagle. *Darwin the geologist. *Darwin the zoologist. *The Galapagos islands *The evolution of Darwin’s theory. *Darwin’s delay. *Elements of the theory of evolution. *After the Origin of Species. *Darwin and psychology’s history. *The origins of comparative psychology. *Darwin on the evolution of emotional expressions. *Close-Up: Douglas Spalding and the experimental study of instinct. *George Romanes (1848-1894): The anecdotal method. *Conwy Lloyd Morgan (1852-1936): The principle of parsimony. *Comparative psychology in America. *Studying individual differences. *Francis Galton (1822-1911): Jack of all sciences. *The nature of intelligence. *The anthropometric laboratory. *Original Source Excerpt: Galton on measurement and association. *Darwin’s century in perspective. |
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Chapter 6. American Pioneers. *Psychology in nineteenth century America. *Faculty psychology. *American psychology’s first textbook. *The modern university. *Education for women and minorities. *William James (1842-1910): America’s first psychologist. *The formative years. *A life at Harvard. *Creating American psychology’s most famous textbook. *On methodology. *Consciousness. *Habit. *Original Source Excerpt: William James on emotion. *James’s later years. *Spiritualism. *Summing up William James. *G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924): Professionalizing psychology. *Hall’s early life and education. *From Johns Hopkins to Clark *Psychology at Clark *Close-Up: Creating maze learning. *Hall and developmental psychology. *Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930): Challenging the male monopoly. *Calkins’s life and work. *Graduate education for females. *Calkins’s research on association. *From psychology to philosophy. *Other women pioneers: Untold lives. *Christine Ladd-Franklin (1847-1930). *Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939). *In perspective: The new psychology at the millennium. |
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Chapter 7. Structuralism and Functionalism. *Titchener’s psychology: Structuralism. *From Oxford to Leipzig to Cornell. *Promoting experimental psychology at Cornell. *The manuals. *The Experimentalists. *Titchener’s structuralist system. *Close-Up: The introspective attitude. * *The structural elements of conscious experience. *Evaluating Titchener’s contributions to psychology. *America’s psychology: Functionalism. *The Chicago functionalists. *John Dewey (1859-1952): The reflex arc. *James R. Angell (1869-1949): The province of functional psychology. *Harvey Carr (1873-1954): The maturing of functionalism. *The Columbia functionalists. *Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949): Connectionism. |
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Original Source Excerpt: Thorndike on puzzle box learning. *The Thorndike-Mills controversy. *Robert S. Woodworth (1869-1962): A dynamic psychology. |
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Chapter 8. Applying the New Psychology. *Pressures toward application. *The mental testing movement. *James McKeen Cattell (1860-1944): An American Galton. *Alfred Binet (1857-1911): The birth of intelligence testing. *The Binet-Simon scales. *Henry Goddard (1866-1957): Binet’s test comes to America. *The Kallikaks. *Goddard and the immigrants. *Lewis Terman (1877-1956): Institutionalizing IQ. *The Stanford-Binet IQ test. *Terman studies the gifted. *Close-Up: Leta Hollingworth: Advocating for gifted children and debunking myths about women. *Robert M. Yerkes (1876-1956): The Army testing program. *Army alpha and Army beta. *The controversy over intelligence. *Applying psychology to business. *Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916): The diversity of applied psychology. *Original Source Excerpt: Münsterberg and employee selection. *Other leading industrial psychologists. *Walter Van Dyke Bingham (1880-1952). *Lillian Moller Gilbreth (1878-1972). *Harry Hollingworth (1880-1956). |
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Chapter 9. Gestalt Psychology. *The origins and development of gestalt psychology. *Max Wertheimer (1880-1943): Founding gestalt psychology. *Koffka (1886-1941) and Köhler (1887-1867): The co-founders. *Close-Up: A case of espionage? *Gestalt psychology and perception. *Principles of perceptual organization. *Behavioral versus geographical environments. *Psychophysical isomorphism. *The gestalt approach to cognition and learning. *Original Source Excerpt: Köhler on insight in apes. *Wertheimer on productive thinking. *Other gestalt research on cognition. *Kurt Lewin (1890-1947): Expanding the gestalt vision . *Early life and career. *Field theory. *The Zeigarnik effect. *Lewin as developmental psychologist . *Lewin as social psychologist. *Action research *Evaluating Lewin. *In perspective: Gestalt psychology in America. |
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Chapter 10. The Origins of Behaviorism . *Behaviorism’s antecedents. *Pavlov’s life and work. *The development of a physiologist. *Working in Pavlov’s laboratory. *Pavlov’s classical conditioning research. *Conditioning and extinction. *Generalization and discrimination. *Experimental neurosis. *A program of research. *Pavlov and the Soviets. *Pavlov and the Americans. *Close-Up: misportraying Pavlov’s apparatus. *John B. Watson and the founding of behaviorism. *The young functionalist at Chicago. *The Watson/Carr maze studies. *Opportunity knocks at Johns Hopkins. *Original Source Excerpt: Watson’s behaviorist manifesto. * *Studying emotional development. *The zenith and nadir of a career: Little Albert. *A new life in advertising. *Popularizing behaviorism. *Evaluating Watsonian behaviorism. |
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Chapter 11. The Evolution of Behaviorism. *Post-Watsonian behaviorism. *Logical positivism and operationism. *Neobehaviorism. *Edward C. Tolman (1886-1959): A purposive behaviorism. *Tolman’s system. *Molar versus molecular behavior. *Goal-directedness. *Intervening variables. *Tolman’s research program. *Latent learning. *Cognitive maps. *Evaluating Tolman. *Clark Hull (1884-1952): A hypothetico-deductive system. *Hull’s system. *Postulate 4: Habit strength. *Reaction potential. *Evaluating Hull. *B. F. Skinner (1904-1990): A radical behaviorism. *Original Source Excerpt: Skinner and operant conditioning: an experimental analysis of behavior. *Skinner and the problem of explanation. *A technology of behavior. *Close-Up: A Skinnerian utopia. *Evaluating Skinner. *Behaviorism in perspective. |
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Chapter 12. Mental Illness and its Treatment. *Early treatment of the mentally ill. *“Enlightnened” reform: Pinel, Tuke, and Rush. *reforming asylums: Dix and Beers. *Close-Up: Diagnosing mental illness. *Mesmerism and hypnosis. *Mesmerism and animal magnetism. *From mesmerism to hypnosis. *The hypnotism controversies. *Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Founding psychoanalysis. *Early life and education. *Breuer and the catharsis method . *Creating psychoanalysis. *Psychoanalysis enters the twentieth century. *Original Source Excerpt: Freud’s lectures at Clark University. *The evolution of psychoanalytic theory. *Freud’s followers: Loyalty and dissent. *Psychoanalysis in America. *Freud in perspective. *Contributions. *Criticisms. *Clinical psychology in America. *Lightner Witmer (1867-1956): Creating psychology’s first clinic. *Clinical psychology prior to World War II. |
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Chapter 13. Psychology’s Practitioners. *Researchers and practitioners. *The emergence of modern clinical psychology. *The Boulder model. *The Eysenck study: Problems for traditional psychotherapy. *Close-Up: The medical strategy—lobotomies, transorbital and otherwise. *Behavior therapy. *The humanistic approach to psychotherapy. *Carl Rogers and client-centered therapy. *Original Source Excerpt: Rogers on creating a therapeutic environment. *The Vail conference and the Psy.D. degree. *Psychology and the world of business and industry. *The Hawthorne studies. *The practice of psychology in perspective. |
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Chapter 14. Psychological Science in the Post-War Era. *Cognitive psychology arrives (again). *The roots of modern cognitive psychology. *Frederick. C. Bartlett (1886-1969): Constructing memory. *Original Source Excerpt: Bartlett on memory. *A convergence of influences. *Influences within psychology. *Influences external to psychology. *Close-Up: What revolution? *Magical numbers, selective filters, and TOTE units. *Neisser and the “naming” of cognitive psychology. *The evolution of cognitive psychology. *Artificial intelligence. *Evaluating cognitive psychology. *Other research areas. *The brain and behavior. *Donald O. Hebb (1904-1985). *Social psychology. *Leon Festinger (1919-1989). *Personality psychology. *Gordon Allport (1897-1967). *Developmental psychology. *Jean Piaget (1896-1980). *Research psychology in perspective. |
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Chapter 15. Linking Psychology’s Past and Present. *The growth and diversity of psychology. *Women in psychology’s history. *Eleanor Gibson (1910-2002). *Minorities in psychology’s history. *Kenneth B. (1914- ) and Mamie Phipps (1917-1983) Clark. *Trends in contemporary psychology |
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The future: Psychology or psychologies? |
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